What does the process of gene regulation ultimately affect?

The process of gene regulation ultimately affects the translation of proteins because it involves mechanisms that control the timing, location, and amount of gene expression. Gene regulation determines whether a gene is turned on or off, which directly influences whether the corresponding mRNA is produced and, consequently, whether the proteins that those genes encode are synthesized.

By regulating gene expression at various levels—such as transcriptional control (how much mRNA is produced) and translational control (how effectively mRNA is translated into protein)—cells can ensure that the right proteins are made in the right amounts at the right times, allowing for precise control over cellular functions and responses. This is crucial for the proper functioning of organisms, as proteins are responsible for carrying out the majority of cellular activities.